Scope of variables - Javscript

1. A globally-scoped variable
   

   var a = 1;
   
   // global scope
   function one() {
     alert(a);
   }

2. Local scope
   

   var a = 1;
   
   function two(a) {
     alert(a);
   }
   
   // local scope again
   function three() {
     var a = 3;
     alert(a);
   }

3. Intermediate: No such thing as block scope in JavaScript (ES5; ES6 introduces let)
   

   var a = 1;
   
   function four() {
     if (true) {
       var a = 4;
     }
   
     alert(a); // alerts '4', not the global value of '1'
   }

4. Intermediate: Object properties
   

   var a = 1;
   
   function five() {
     this.a = 5;
   }

5. Advanced: Closure
   

   var a = 1;
   
   var six = (function() {
     var a = 6;
   
     return function() {
       // JavaScript "closure" means I have access to 'a' in here,
       // because it is defined in the function in which I was defined.
       alert(a);
     };
   })();

6. Advanced: Prototype-based scope resolution
   

   var a = 1;
   
   function seven() {
     this.a = 7;
   }
   
   // [object].prototype.property loses to
   // [object].property in the lookup chain. For example...
   
   // Won't get reached, because 'a' is set in the constructor above.
   seven.prototype.a = -1;
   
   // Will get reached, even though 'b' is NOT set in the constructor.
   seven.prototype.b = 8;

7. Altogether
   

   // These will print 1-8
   one();
   two(2);
   three();
   four();
   alert(new five().a);
   six();
   alert(new seven().a);
   alert(new seven().b);

   ---

8. Global+Local: An extra complex Case
   

   var x = 5;
   
   (function () {
       console.log(x);
       var x = 10;
       console.log(x); 
   })();

   This will print out undefined and 10 rather than 5 and 10 since JavaScript always moves variable declarations (not initializations) to the top of the scope, making the code equivalent to:
   

   var x = 5;
   
   (function () {
       var x;
       console.log(x);
       x = 10;
       console.log(x); 
   })();

9. Catch clause-scoped variable
   

   var e = 5;
   console.log(e);
   try {
       throw 6;
   } catch (e) {
       console.log(e);
   }
   console.log(e);

   This will print out 5, 6, 5. Inside the catch clause e shadows global and local variables. But this special scope is only for the caught variable. If you write var f; inside the catch clause, then it's exactly the same as if you had defined it before or after the try-catch block.
   
   
   Ref: Stackoverflow